The rise of IPv6 and fall of IPv4 in the 2010s

The 2010s were the decade that we ran out of IPv4 addresses and the decade that IPv6 deployment got underway—but IPv4 is still going strong even without a fresh supply of addresses.

Here's an overview of what happened with IPv4 and IPv6 in the 2010s.

Permalink - posted 2020-01-08 - 🇳🇱 Nederlandse versie

Mijn nieuwe bedrijfsnaam: inet⁶ consult

Vandaag is voor mij een bijzondere dag. Precies 20 jaar geleden ging ik op de eerste werkdag van het nieuwe millennium naar de Kamer van Koophandel om mij in te schrijven als eenmanszaak.

Met een paar kleine zijpaden richting Madrid en het ministerie van BZK is dit nog steeds het pad wat ik volg. Alleen is er één ding wat ik 20 jaar geleden niet zo goed gedaan heb: de keuze van mijn bedrijfsnaam.

Ik dacht: ik kies iets wat niet bestaat, dat is uniek en associëren mensen dus automatisch met mij. Aldus: Muada. Maar dat leidde alleen maar tot steeds uitleggen dat het toch echt niks betekent.

Vandaag is het dan zover: ik herlanceer mijn bedrijf met een nieuwe bedrijfsnaam en een nieuwe website. De naam is inet⁶ consult.

Als in: Iljitsch NETwerk CONSULTancy. En natuurlijk staat "inet" voor het internet. Alleen inetconsult.com was al weg. Dus: inet⁶ consult. inet6 is natuurlijk kort voor IPv6, niet geheel ontoepasselijk. Ook wil ik me focussen op zes onderwerpen:

de business van interconnectie op het internet
die interconnectie zelf
de routing die je daarvoor nodig hebt (BGP)
de adressen die je routeert: IPv4 en IPv6
de DNS waar je die adressen in opslaat
performance-aspecten van dit alles

Natuurlijk staat dit alles uitgelegd op de nieuwe website: www.inet6consult.com.

Permalink - posted 2020-01-03

inet⁶ consult launches on January 3^rd!

You managed to find this site early! The official launch is on January 3^rd.

posted 2019-12-24

Time to turn off IPv4 (just a little)

► Another month, and we'll be living in the 2020s. And yet, 70% of the internet is still IPv4-only. (I'll be writing a story looking back on IPv6 progress the past decade in January.) So I thought: maybe I should draw a line in the sand and turn off IPv4 for my website. But then how will those 70% find me, and all the links to older content will be dead to much of the internet. Click below to continue reading.

Note: this is an example of the warning image, your IPv6 connectivity may be fine!

Full article / permalink - posted 2019-12-03 - 🇳🇱 Nederlandse versie

Time to turn off IPv4 (just a little)

▼ Another month, and we'll be living in the 2020s. And yet, 70% of the internet is still IPv4-only. (I'll be writing a story looking back on IPv6 progress the past decade in January.) So I thought: maybe I should draw a line in the sand and turn off IPv4 for my website. But then how will those 70% find me, and all the links to older content will be dead to much of the internet.

Note: this is an example of the warning image, your IPv6 connectivity may be fine!

So instead, I decided to host some of the images on my old website muada.com and the new home of my blog illjitsch.com on an IPv6-only domain name. This means that browsers running on a system with only IPv4 connectivity will find that they can't load the image at the top of this page. There's no tricks involved: the browser encounters a cold hard error.

However, I didn't want to have a broken image show up on the page, because people might just think it's my HTML skills that are the problem, rather than them being stuck in the past IP-version wise. So the browser is instructed that when it can't load the image, it should load another. That has a nice big warning in neon colors. I also use an image map to let people click on the word "IPv6" to get to a page that explains what's going on. If javascript is turned off, there's just a line of text saying there is no IPv6 connectivity.

Note that browsers will cache images, so you may still see the correct skyline image even if you currently don't have IPv6 connectivity.

This is the HTML code. You can click on the images to try if they load manually.

I hope that more people will do the same so people start to actually notice that they're behind the times by having just IPv4 connectivity.

Permalink - posted 2019-12-03 - 🇳🇱 Nederlandse versie

Europe runs out of IPv4 addresses even further, what now?

► Less than three months ago I wrote about how the uptake of the remaining IPv4 addresses at RIPE was accelerating, with the RIPE NCC likely to run out of the addresses set aside in the "last /8" before the end of the year. And so they did, two days ago. So as of this week, it's no longer possible to request address space in the RIPE service region (Europe, former Soviet Union, Middle East) and get them within a somewhat predictable period...

Full article / permalink - posted 2019-11-27

Europe runs out of IPv4 addresses even further, what now?

▼ Less than three months ago I wrote about how the uptake of the remaining IPv4 addresses at RIPE was accelerating, with the RIPE NCC likely to run out of the addresses set aside in the "last /8" before the end of the year. And so they did, two days ago. So as of this week, it's no longer possible to request address space in the RIPE service region (Europe, former Soviet Union, Middle East) and get them within a somewhat predictable period.

In September, a million IPv4 addresses were given out every six weeks, and that rate seems to have continued. That's about a thousand /22s (blocks of 1024 IPv4 addresses), where each LIR ("RIPE member") can only get one of those. Thus, most of these blocks must have gone to new LIRs, at a rate of nearly a thousand every 30 business days, so the RIPE NCC must have been processing a new LIR, or at least a /22, every 15 minutes or so!

So what if you're in the RIPE region and you need IPv4 addresses in order to talk to the part of the internet that hasn't adopted IPv6 yet?

The RIPE NCC is not completely out of the game, so one option is to go on the waiting list.

LIRs "that have never received an IPv4 allocation from the RIPE NCC can make a request via the waiting list". So: sign up to be an LIR, put in a request, and wait for address space to become available. At that point you'll get a /24. Note that the NCC does in fact get back IPv4 address space at some rate, and there's currently nearly half a million addresses (about 2000 /24s) in quarantine, which lasts for six months if I'm informed correctly. So presumably, on average 75 /24s should become available every week over the next six months.

So it seems the game where a single organization would just sign up multiple RIPE memberships to qualify for a small block of IPv4 space multiple times can continue. However, you'll only get a quarter of the address space and there will be an unpredictable delay. So I'm thinking that the people who wanted to play that game were trying to take advantage of the /22-per-LIR policy and we're going to see less of this.

ARIN (North America) didn't have a final /8 policy, and has had a waiting list in operation for some years now. Currently, there are 160 requests on the list, and the next in line has been waiting for about six months.

The alternative is to buy IPv4 addresses on the open market. The going rate seems to be around $20 per address right now.

All of this puts a lot of pressure on IPv4 addresses for those organizations that weren't around when it was easy to get IPv4. So those organizations need to deploy address sharing techniques such as "carrier grade NAT" (CGN/CGNAT), "large scale NAT" (LSN) or stateful NAT64.

But what about IPv6? IPv6 addresses are for all intents and purposes free. However, you can't use IPv6 to communicate with a system that only has IPv4. But it makes sense to do as much as possible over IPv6 and only use translators to share IPv4 addresses when necessary. This limits the amount of address space required as well as the equipment that has to do all the NATing.

Permalink - posted 2019-11-27

Weblog reorganized

► I've reorganized my blog(s) and created subdomains under iljitsch.com for different topics.

Full article / permalink - posted 2019-11-26 - 🇳🇱 Nederlandse versie

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